2013年北京外国语大学硕士研究生入学考试试题
招生专业：复语
同声传译 科目名称：英汉互译
（考试时间3小时，满分150分，全部写在答题纸上，答在试题页上无效）
一、将下列段落译为汉语（25分）
Positive early experiences and interactions are also vital to preparing a quality learner. A large study in 12 Latin American countries found that attendance at day care coupled with higher levels of parental involvement that includes parents reading to young children is associated with higher test scores and lower rates of grade repetition in primary school. Evidence from the Philippines, Sri Lanka and Turkey has shown that children who participate in early intervention programmes do better in primary school than those who do not benefit from formal early child programmes, and studies from India, Morocco and Latin America demonstrate that disadvantaged children benefit the most from such programmes.
In addition to cognitive effects, the benefits of good early childhood programmes include better psychosocial development. Effective and appropriate stimulation in a child’s early years influences the brain development necessary for emotional regulation, arousal, and behavioral management. A child who misses positive stimulation or is subject to chronic stress in the pre-school years may have difficulty with psychosocial development later in life. A high level of quality in early childhood development programmes can be achieved when health and nutrition components are combined with structured psychosocial development in the pre-school years. (200)
二、将下列短文译为汉语（50分）
According to IMF analysis, reforming health care systems should be high on the list of priorities of governments as they continue to work on cutting deficits and debt. Many advanced economies are facing the challenge of controlling the growth of public health spending while, for many emerging economies, the reform challenge is to expand basic health care. And the good news is that governments have a number of reform options available to them.
The latest reform efforts have already begun to take shape in both advanced and emerging economies. Advanced economies are undertaking a range of reforms aimed at everything from reaping efficiency gains by enhancing competition and choice to realizing administrative efficiencies through better use of information technology.
In emerging economies, some health care systems have successfully expanded health coverage and improved health outcomes without incurring high fiscal costs. Across Asia, for example, many countries are looking to move beyond fee for service to other types of payment systems such as geographic caps, hospital global budgets, and case mix adjustments—which look at ways to base reimbursements on pre-treatment patient risk estimates.
Health care reform must balance various objectives, such as improving health outcomes, controlling spending, and achieving equity, the authors say. In Asia and elsewhere, there is often overuse of hospital care and underuse of preventive and primary care. Some countries have adopted elements of gatekeeping in primary care to ensure the right mix of service use and to improve health system performance.
In the study, the IMF recommended that cost containment reforms should minimize any potential adverse effects on the poor. Most advanced economies have achieved universal access to basic health services, and health reforms should respect this safety net. Health care reform is complex and faces the difficult task of balancing different objectives, such as improving health outcomes, controlling spending, and achieving equity. (308)
三、将下列段落译为英语（25分）
过去我们常说，由于中国缺乏技术人才、缺乏技术积累，经济增长方式只能十分粗放。但经过30多年改革开放，情况已经发生了巨大的变化。中国受过训练的技术人才数量目前已经居于世界第一位。技术发明也数量众多，而且有些发明已经接近甚至突破世界前沿。现在的问题在于，新技术的产品化、产业化步履维艰，许多新技术死在摇篮之中，即使勉强转化成了产品，企业也长期做不大，新技术拖成了旧技术。症结在于缺乏有利于创新和创业的体制机制环境。（204）
四、将下列短文译为英语（50分）
气候变化战略专家认为，由于中国平均每周就要新建三座发电站，到2030年中国计划新增的发电能力是美国、英国和澳大利亚三国现有发电能力的总和。这意味着要消耗大量的水资源用于冷却和为汽轮发电机提供动力。
2010年，火力发电和水力发电分别占到中国总装机容量的74%和22%。这意味着大多数的发电能力均依赖于水资源供应。中国的工业化、城市化进程以及不断增长的财富将推高电力需求，进而更多地消耗本就有限的水资源。即便能源结构有所调整，预计仍将有87%的发电能力需要用水。在这种情况下，中国必须大幅提高能源效率。
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